Indonesia
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Coordinates: 
5°S 120°E
Republic of Indonesia
Republik Indonesia
|
|
|
Motto: "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" (Old Javanese)
"Unity in Diversity"
National ideology: Pañcasīla[1][2] |
Anthem: Indonesia Raya
Great Indonesia |
|
|
Capital
and largest city |
Jakarta
6°10.5′S 106°49.7′E |
| Official languages |
Indonesian |
| Religion |
Officially recognised:[a]
Islam
Protestantism
Catholicism
Hinduism
Buddhism
Confucianism |
| Demonym |
Indonesian |
| Government |
Unitary presidential constitutional republic |
| • |
President |
Joko Widodo |
| • |
Vice-President |
Jusuf Kalla |
| Legislature |
People's Consultative Assembly |
| • |
Upper house |
Regional Representative Council |
| • |
Lower house |
People's Representative Council |
| Independence |
| • |
Declared |
17 August 1945 |
| Area |
| • |
Land |
1,904,569 km2 (15th)
735,358 sq mi |
| • |
Water (%) |
4.85 |
| Population |
| • |
2015 estimate |
255,461,700[3] |
| • |
2010 census |
237,424,363[4] (4th) |
| • |
Density |
124.66/km2 (84th)
322.87/sq mi |
| GDP (PPP) |
2015 estimate |
| • |
Total |
$2.840 trillion[4] (8th) |
| • |
Per capita |
$11,135[4] (102nd) |
| GDP (nominal) |
2015 estimate |
| • |
Total |
$895.677 billion[4] (16th) |
| • |
Per capita |
$3,511[4] (117th) |
| Gini (2010) |
35.6[5]
medium |
| HDI (2014) |
 0.684[6]
medium · 110th |
| Currency |
Indonesian rupiah (Rp) (IDR) |
| Time zone |
various (UTC+7 to +9) |
| • |
Summer (DST) |
various (UTC+7 to +9) |
| Date format |
DD/MM/YYYY |
| Drives on the |
left |
| Calling code |
+62 |
| ISO 3166 code |
ID |
| Internet TLD |
.id |
| a. |
^a The government officially recognises only six religions: Islam, Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism.[7] |
Indonesia (
i IN-də-NEE-zhə or
IN-doh-NEE-zee-ə;
Indonesian:
[ɪndonesia]), officially the
Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian:
Republik Indonesia [rɛpublik ɪndonesia]), is a
sovereign island country in
Southeast Asia and
Oceania. It is the largest island country in the world by the number of islands, with more than
fourteen thousand islands.
[8] Indonesia has an estimated population of over 255 million people and is the world's
fourth most populous country and the most populous
Muslim-majority country. The world's
most populous island of
Java contains more than half of the country's population.
Indonesia's republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has
34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status. Its capital city is
Jakarta. The country shares land borders with
Papua New Guinea,
East Timor, and the
Malaysian Borneo. Other neighbouring countries include
Singapore, the
Philippines,
Australia,
Palau, and the
Indian territory of the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of
ASEAN and a member of the
G-20 major economies. The
Indonesian economy is the world's
16th largest by nominal GDP and the
8th largest by GDP at
PPP.
The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when
Srivijaya and then later
Majapahit traded with
China and
India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early
centuries CE, and
Hindu and
Buddhist kingdoms flourished.
Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources.
Muslim traders and
Sufi scholars brought the now-dominant
Islam,
[9][10] while European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolise trade in the Spice Islands of
Maluku during the
Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of
Dutch colonialism starting from the East Indonesia of
West Papua,
Timor to eventually all of West Indonesia, at times interrupted by
Portuguese,
French and British rule, Indonesia
secured its independence after
World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters,
mass slaughter,
corruption,
separatism,
a democratisation process, and periods of rapid economic change.
Indonesia consists of hundreds of distinct native
ethnic and
linguistic groups. The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the
Javanese. A shared
identity has developed, defined by a
national language,
ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority
population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it.
Indonesia's national motto,
"Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" ("Unity in Diversity"
literally,
"many, yet one"), articulates the diversity that shapes the country.
Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia
has vast areas of wilderness that support the world's second highest
level of
biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources, yet
poverty remains widespread.
[11][12]
Etymology
The name
Indonesia derives from the Greek words
Indós and
nèsos, meaning "Indian island".
[13] The name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia.
[14] In 1850,
George Windsor Earl, an English
ethnologist, proposed the terms
Indunesians—and, his preference,
Malayunesians—for the inhabitants of the "Indian Archipelago or Malayan Archipelago".
[15] In the same publication, a student of Earl's,
James Richardson Logan, used
Indonesia as a synonym for
Indian Archipelago.
[16][17] However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use
Indonesia. Instead, they used the terms
Malay Archipelago (
Maleische Archipel); the
Netherlands East Indies (
Nederlandsch Oost Indië), popularly
Indië;
the East (
de Oost); and
Insulinde.
[18]
After 1900, the name
Indonesia became more common in academic
circles outside the Netherlands, and Indonesian nationalist groups
adopted it for political expression.
[18] Adolf Bastian, of the University of Berlin, popularised the name through his book
Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884–1894. The first Indonesian scholar to use the name was
Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara), when he established a press bureau in the Netherlands with the name
Indonesisch Pers-bureau in 1913.
[14]
History
A
Borobudur ship carved on
Borobudur, c. 800 CE. Indonesian outrigger boats may have made trade voyages to the east coast of Africa as early as the 1st century CE.
[19]
Fossils and the remains of tools show that the Indonesian archipelago was inhabited by
Homo erectus, popularly known as "
Java Man", between 1.5 million years ago and 35,000 years ago.
[20][21][22] Homo sapiens reached the region by around 45,000 years ago.
[23] Austronesian peoples,
who form the majority of the modern population, migrated to Southeast
Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BCE, and as they
spread through the archipelago, confined the indigenous
Melanesian peoples to the far eastern regions.
[24] Ideal agricultural conditions, and the mastering of
wet-field rice cultivation as early as the 8th century BCE,
[25]
allowed villages, towns, and small kingdoms to flourish by the 1st
century CE. Indonesia's strategic sea-lane position fostered
inter-island and international trade, including links with Indian
kingdoms and China, which were established several centuries BCE.
[26] Trade has since fundamentally shaped Indonesian history.
[27][28]
From the 7th century CE, the powerful
Srivijaya naval kingdom flourished as a result of trade and the influences of
Hinduism and
Buddhism that were imported with it.
[29] Between the eighth and 10th centuries CE, the agricultural Buddhist
Sailendra and Hindu
Mataram dynasties thrived and declined in inland Java, leaving grand religious monuments such as Sailendra's
Borobudur and Mataram's
Prambanan. The Hindu
Majapahit kingdom was founded in eastern Java in the late 13th century, and under
Gajah Mada, its influence stretched over much of Indonesia.
[30] Although Muslim traders first traveled through Southeast Asia early in the Islamic era, the
earliest evidence of Islamized populations in Indonesia dates to the 13th century in northern
Sumatra.
[31]
Other Indonesian areas gradually adopted Islam, and it was the dominant
religion in Java and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. For the
most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious
influences, which shaped the predominant form of Islam in Indonesia,
particularly in Java.
[32] The first regular contact between Europeans and the peoples of Indonesia began in 1512, when Portuguese traders, led by
Francisco Serrão, sought to monopolize the sources of nutmeg,
cloves, and
cubeb pepper in Maluku.
[33] Dutch and British traders followed. In 1602, the Dutch established the
Dutch East India Company (VOC) and became the dominant European power.
Following bankruptcy, the VOC was formally dissolved in 1800, and the government of the Netherlands established the
Dutch East Indies as a nationalised colony.
[34] For most of
the colonial period,
Dutch control over the archipelago was tenuous outside of coastal
strongholds; only in the early 20th century did Dutch dominance extend
to what was to become Indonesia's current boundaries.
[35] Despite major internal political, social and sectarian divisions during the
National Revolution, Indonesians, on the whole, found unity in their fight for independence.
Japanese occupation during World War II ended Dutch rule,
[36] and encouraged the previously suppressed Indonesian independence movement.
[37] A later
UN report stated that four million people died in Indonesia as a result of famine and
forced labor during the Japanese occupation.
[38] Two days after the surrender of Japan in August 1945,
Sukarno, an influential nationalist leader, declared independence and was appointed president.
[39] The Netherlands tried to reestablish their rule, and
an armed and diplomatic struggle ended in December 1949, when in the face of international pressure, the Dutch formally recognized Indonesian independence
[40] (with the exception of
the Dutch territory of West New Guinea, which was incorporated into Indonesia following the 1962
New York Agreement, and the UN-mandated
Act of Free Choice of 1969).
[41]
Sukarno moved Indonesia from democracy towards authoritarianism, and
maintained his power base by balancing the opposing forces of the
military and the
Communist Party of Indonesia (
Partai Komunis Indonesia, PKI).
[42] An attempted coup on 30 September 1965 was countered by the army, who led
a violent anti-communist purge, during which the PKI was blamed for the coup and effectively destroyed.
[43][44][45] Hundreds of thousands of people are estimated to have been killed.
[46][47] The head of the military,
General Suharto,
outmaneuvered the politically weakened Sukarno and was formally appointed president in March 1968. His
New Order administration[48] was supported by the US government,
[49][50][51] and encouraged
foreign direct investment
in Indonesia, which was a major factor in the subsequent three decades
of substantial economic growth. However, the authoritarian "New Order"
was widely accused of
corruption and suppression of political opposition.
[52][53][54]
Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the
late 1990s Asian financial crisis.
[55] This increased popular discontent with the New Order and led to
popular protest across the country. Suharto resigned on 21 May 1998.
[56] In 1999, East Timor
voted to secede from Indonesia, after
a twenty-five-year military occupation that was marked by international condemnation of repression of the East Timorese.
[57] Since Suharto's resignation,
a strengthening of democratic processes has included a regional autonomy program, and the first
direct presidential election in 2004, which was won by
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, who went on to win a second term in
2009. Political and economic instability, social unrest,
corruption, and
terrorism
slowed progress; however, in the last five years the economy has
performed strongly. Although relations among different religious and
ethnic groups are largely harmonious, sectarian discontent and violence
have persisted.
[58] A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in
Aceh was achieved in 2005.
[59] Joko Widodo was elected as
President in the
2014 presidential election.
Government and politics
A session of the People's Representative Council in Jakarta
Indonesia is a republic with a presidential system. As a unitary
state, power is concentrated in the central government. Following the
resignation of President Suharto in 1998, Indonesian political and governmental structures have undergone major reforms. Four amendments to the
1945 Constitution of Indonesia[60] have revamped the
executive,
judicial, and
legislative branches.
[61] The
president of Indonesia is the
head of state and
head of government,
commander-in-chief of the
Indonesian National Armed Forces,
and the director of domestic governance, policy-making, and foreign
affairs. The president appoints a council of ministers, who are not
required to be elected members of the legislature. The 2004 presidential
election was the first in which the people directly elected the
president and vice-president.
[62] The president may serve a maximum of two consecutive five-year terms.
[63]
The highest representative body at national level is Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (
People's Consultative Assembly)
or MPR. Its main functions are supporting and amending the
constitution, inaugurating the president, and formalising broad outlines
of state policy. It has the power to impeach the president.
[64] The MPR comprises two houses; Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (
People's Representative Council) or DPR, with 560 members, and Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (
Regional Representative Council) or DPD, with 132 members.
[65] The DPR passes legislation and monitors the executive branch; party-aligned members are elected for five-year terms by
proportional representation.
[61] Reforms since 1998 have markedly increased the DPR's role in national governance.
[66] The DPD is a new chamber for matters of regional management.
[67]
Most civil disputes appear before Pengadilan Negeri (State Court); appeals are heard before Pengadilan Tinggi (High Court).
Mahkamah Agung
is the country's highest court, and hears final cessation appeals and
conducts case reviews. Other courts include the Commercial Court, which
handles bankruptcy and insolvency; Pengadilan Tata Negara (State
Administrative Court) to hear administrative law cases against the
government; Mahkamah Konstitusi (Constitutional Court) to hear disputes
concerning legality of law, general elections, dissolution of political
parties, and the scope of authority of state institutions; and
Pengadilan Agama (Religious Court) to deal with codified Sharia Law
cases.
[68]
Foreign relations and military
In contrast to Sukarno's anti-imperialistic
antipathy to Western powers and
tensions with Malaysia,
Indonesia's foreign relations since the New Order era have been based on economic and political co-operation with the Western world.
[70] Indonesia maintains close relationships with its neighbours in Asia, and is a founding member of
ASEAN and the
East Asia Summit.
[65]
The country restored relations with the People's Republic of China in
1990 following a freeze in place since anti-communist purges early in
the Suharto era.
[68] Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950,
[71] and was a founder of the
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the
Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC).
[65] Indonesia is signatory to the
ASEAN Free Trade Area agreement, the
Cairns Group, and the
World Trade Organization (WTO), and a member of
OPEC.
Indonesia has received humanitarian and development aid since 1966, in
particular from the United States, western Europe, Australia, and Japan.
[65]
The Indonesian government has worked with other countries to
apprehend and prosecute perpetrators of major bombings linked to
militant
Islamism and
Al-Qaeda.
[72] The
deadliest bombing killed 202 people (including 164 international tourists) in the
Bali resort town of
Kuta in 2002.
[73] The attacks, and subsequent travel warnings issued by other countries, severely damaged Indonesia's
tourism industry and foreign investment prospects.
[74]
Indonesia's armed forces (TNI) include the
army (TNI–AD),
navy (TNI–AL, which includes marines), and
air force (TNI–AU).
[75]
The army has about 400,000 active-duty personnel. Defense spending in
the national budget was 4% of GDP in 2006, and is controversially
supplemented by revenue from military commercial interests and
foundations.
[76]
One of the reforms following the 1998 resignation of Suharto was the
removal of formal TNI representation in parliament; nevertheless, its
political influence remains extensive.
[77]
Separatist movements in the provinces of Aceh and Papua have led to
armed conflict, and subsequent allegations of human rights abuses and
brutality from all sides.
[78][79] Following a sporadic thirty-year guerrilla war between the Gerakan Aceh Merdeka
(GAM) and the Indonesian military, a ceasefire agreement was reached in 2005.
[80]
In Papua, there has been a significant, albeit imperfect,
implementation of regional autonomy laws, and a reported decline in the
levels of violence and
human rights abuses, since the presidency of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
[81]
Administrative divisions
Administratively, Indonesia consists of 34 provinces, five of which
have special status. Each province has its own legislature and governor.
The provinces are subdivided into regencies (
kabupaten) and cities (
kota), which are further subdivided into
districts (
kecamatan or
distrik in Papua and West Papua), and again into
administrative villages (either
desa,
kelurahan,
kampung,
nagari in West Sumatra, or
gampong
in Aceh). Village is the lowest level of government administration in
Indonesia. Furthermore, a village is divided into several community
groups (
rukun warga (RW)) which are further divided into neighbourhood groups (
rukun tetangga (RT)). In Java the
desa (village) is divided further into smaller units called
dusun or
dukuh
(hamlets), these units are the same as rukun warga. Following the
implementation of regional autonomy measures in 2001, the regencies and
cities have become the key administrative units, responsible for
providing most government services. The village administration level is
the most influential on a citizen's daily life and handles matters of a
village or neighbourhood through an elected
lurah or
kepala desa (village chief).
The provinces of
Aceh,
Jakarta,
Yogyakarta,
Papua, and
West Papua
have greater legislative privileges and a higher degree of autonomy
from the central government than the other provinces. The Acehnese
government, for example, has the right to create certain elements of an
independent legal system; in 2003, it instituted a form of
sharia (Islamic law).
[82]
Yogyakarta was granted the status of Special Region in recognition of
its pivotal role in supporting Indonesian Republicans during the
Indonesian Revolution and its willingness to join Indonesia as a
republic.
[83]
Papua, formerly known as Irian Jaya, was granted special autonomy
status in 2001 and was split into Papua and West Papua in February 2003.
[84][85] Jakarta is the country's special capital region.
- Indonesian provinces and their capitals, listed by region
Indonesian name is in parentheses if different from English.
* indicates provinces with special status
Geography
Indonesia lies between latitudes
11°S and
6°N, and longitudes
95°E and
141°E. It consists of 17,508 islands, about 6,000 of which are inhabited.
[86] These are scattered over both sides of the
equator. The largest are Java, Sumatra,
Borneo
(shared with Brunei and Malaysia), New Guinea (shared with Papua New
Guinea), and Sulawesi. Indonesia shares land borders with Malaysia on
Borneo, Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea, and East Timor on
the island of
Timor. Indonesia shares maritime borders across narrow straits with
Singapore,
Malaysia, the
Philippines, and
Palau to the north, and with
Australia
to the south. The capital, Jakarta, is on Java and is the nation's
largest city, followed by Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, and Semarang.
[87]
At 1,919,440 square kilometres (741,050 sq mi), Indonesia is the world's
15th-largest country in terms of land area and world's
7th-largest country in terms of combined sea and land area.
[88] Its average population density is 134 people per square kilometre (347 per sq mi), 79th in the world,
[89] although Java, the world's most populous island,
[90] has a population density of 940 people per square kilometre (2,435 per sq mi). At 4,884 metres (16,024 ft),
Puncak Jaya in Papua is Indonesia's highest peak, and
Lake Toba
in Sumatra its largest lake, with an area of 1,145 square kilometres
(442 sq mi). The country's largest rivers are in Kalimantan, and include
the
Mahakam and
Barito; such rivers are communication and transport links between the island's river settlements.
[91]
Indonesia's location on the edges of the
Pacific,
Eurasian, and
Australian tectonic plates makes it the site of numerous
volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. Indonesia has at least 150 active volcanoes,
[92] including
Krakatoa and
Tambora, both famous for their devastating eruptions in the 19th century. The eruption of the Toba
supervolcano, approximately 70,000 years ago, was one of the largest eruptions ever, and a
global catastrophe. Recent disasters due to seismic activity include the
2004 tsunami that killed an estimated 167,736 in northern Sumatra,
[93] and the
Yogyakarta earthquake in 2006. However,
volcanic ash
is a major contributor to the high agricultural fertility that has
historically sustained the high population densities of Java and Bali.
[94]
Lying along the equator,
Indonesia has a tropical climate, with two distinct
monsoonal wet and
dry
seasons. Average annual rainfall in the lowlands varies from
1,780–3,175 millimetres (70.1–125.0 inches), and up to 6,100 millimetres
(240 inches) in mountainous regions. Mountainous areas – particularly
in the west coast of Sumatra, West Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua
– receive the highest rainfall. Humidity is generally high, averaging
about 80%. Temperatures vary little throughout the year; the average
daily temperature range of Jakarta is 26–30 °C (79–86 °F).
[95]
Biodiversity
The
Komodo dragon, the largest lizard in the world, is
endemic to a small number of Indonesian islands.
Indonesia's size, tropical climate, and archipelagic geography,
support the world's second highest level of biodiversity after Brazil.
[96] Its flora and fauna is a mixture of Asian and
Australasian species.
[97] The islands of the
Sunda Shelf
(Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali) were once linked to the Asian
mainland, and have a wealth of Asian fauna. Large species such as the
tiger,
rhinoceros,
orangutan,
elephant, and
leopard,
were once abundant as far east as Bali, but numbers and distribution
have dwindled drastically. Forests cover approximately 60% of the
country.
[98]
In Sumatra and Kalimantan, these are predominantly of Asian species.
However, the forests of the smaller, and more densely populated Java,
have largely been removed for human habitation and agriculture.
Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku – having been long separated from
the continental landmasses—have developed their own unique flora and
fauna.
[99] Papua was part of the Australian landmass, and is home to a
unique fauna and flora closely related to that of Australia, including over 600 bird species.
[100]
Indonesia is second only to Australia in terms of total endemic
species, with 36% of its 1,531 species of bird and 39% of its 515
species of mammal being endemic.
[101]
Indonesia's 80,000 kilometres (50,000 miles) of coastline are
surrounded by tropical seas that contribute to the country's high level
of biodiversity. Indonesia has a range of sea and coastal
ecosystems, including
beaches,
sand dunes,
estuaries,
mangroves,
coral reefs,
seagrass beds,
coastal mudflats, tidal flats, algal beds, and small island ecosystems.
[13] Indonesia is one of
Coral Triangle countries with the world's greatest diversity of
coral reef fish with more than 1,650 species in eastern Indonesia only.
[102] The British naturalist,
Alfred Russel Wallace, described a dividing line between the distribution of Indonesia's Asian and Australasian species.
[103] Known as the
Wallace Line, it runs roughly north–south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep
Lombok Strait, between
Lombok
and Bali. West of the line the flora and fauna are more Asian; moving
east from Lombok, they are increasingly Australian. In his 1869 book,
The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous species unique to the area.
[104] The region of islands between his line and New Guinea is now termed
Wallacea.
[103]
Environment
Indonesia's high population and rapid industrialisation present serious
environmental issues, which are often given a lower priority due to high poverty levels and weak, under-resourced governance.
[105] Issues include
large-scale deforestation (much of it
illegal) and related wildfires causing
heavy smog
over parts of western Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore;
over-exploitation of marine resources; and environmental problems
associated with rapid urbanisation and
economic development, including air pollution,
traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and
waste water services.
[105] Deforestation and the destruction of peatlands make Indonesia the world's third largest emitter of greenhouse gases.
[106] Habitat destruction threatens the survival of indigenous and endemic species, including 140 species of
mammals identified by the
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as
threatened, and 15 identified as critically endangered, including the
Bali starling,
[107] Sumatran orangutan,
[108] and
Javan rhinoceros.
[109]
Much of Indonesia's deforestation is caused by forest clearing for the
palm oil industry, which has cleared 18 million hectares of forest for
palm oil expansion. Palm oil expansion requires land reallocation as
well as changes to the local and natural ecosystems. Palm oil expansion
can generate wealth for local communities, but it can also degrade
ecosystems and cause social problems.
[110]
Economy
Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia and the country's largest commercial centre.
Indonesia has a
mixed economy in which both the private sector and government play significant roles.
[111] The country is the largest economy in Southeast Asia and a member of the
G-20 major economies.
[112] Indonesia's estimated
gross domestic product (nominal), as of 2014, was US$887 billion while GDP in PPP terms is US$2.685 trillion. It is the
sixteenth largest economy in the world by nominal GDP and is the
eighth largest in terms of GDP (PPP). As of 2014, per capita GDP in PPP was US$10,651 (
international dollars) while Nominal
per capita GDP was US$3,518.
[113][114] The debt ratio to the GDP is 26%.
[115][116][117] The
industry sector
is the economy's largest and accounts for 46.4% of GDP (2012), this is
followed by services (38.6%) and agriculture (14.4%). However, since
2012, the
service sector
has employed more people than other sectors, accounting for 47.9% of
the total labour force, this has been followed by agriculture (38.9%)
and industry (13.2%).
[118] Agriculture, however, had been the country's largest employer for centuries.
[119][120]
According to
WTO data, Indonesia was the 27th biggest exporting country in the world in 2010, moving up three places from the previous year.
[121] Indonesia's main export markets (2009) are Japan (17.28%),
Singapore (11.29%), the
United States
(10.81%), and China (7.62%). The major suppliers of imports to
Indonesia are Singapore (24.96%), China (12.52%), and Japan (8.92%). In
2014, Indonesia ran a trade deficit with export revenues of US$176
billion and import expenditure of US$178.2 billion.
[122]
The country has extensive natural resources, including crude oil,
natural gas, tin, copper, and gold. Indonesia's major imports include
machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, and foodstuffs, and the
country's major export commodities include oil and gas, electrical
appliances, plywood, rubber, and textiles.
[86]
In an attempt to boost the domestic mineral processing industry and
encourage exports of higher value-added mineral products, the Indonesian
government implemented a ban on exports of unprocessed mineral ores in
2014.
[122] Palm oil
production is important to the economy of Indonesia as the country is
the world's biggest producer and consumer of the commodity, providing
about half the world supply.
[123] Oil palm plantations stretch across 6 million hectares (roughly twice the size of
Belgium). The country plans by 2015 to add 4 million additional hectares towards oil palm biofuel production.
[124] As of 2012, Indonesia produces 35 percent of the world's
certified sustainable palm oil (CSPO).
[125]
Indomie, one of Indonesia's global brand. Indonesia is the world's second largest producer and consumer of
instant noodle after China.
The
tourism sector
contributes to around US$10.1 billion of foreign exchange in 2013, and
ranked as the 4th largest among goods and services export sectors.
[126] Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, China and Japan are the top five source of visitors to Indonesia.
In the 1960s, the economy deteriorated drastically as a result of
political instability, a young and inexperienced government, and
economic nationalism, which resulted in severe poverty and hunger. By
the time of President Sukarno's downfall in the mid-1960s, the economy
was in chaos with 1,000% annual inflation, shrinking export revenues,
crumbling infrastructure, factories operating at minimal capacity, and
negligible
investment. After Sukarno's downfall, the New Order administration brought
a degree of discipline to economic policy that quickly brought inflation down, stabilised the currency, rescheduled
external debt, and attracted foreign aid and investment. (See
Berkeley Mafia).
Indonesia is currently Southeast Asia's only member of OPEC, and the
1970s oil price raises provided an export revenue windfall that
contributed to sustained high economic growth rates, averaging over 7%
from 1968 to 1981.
[127] Following further reforms in the late 1980s,
[128] foreign investment flowed into Indonesia, particularly into the rapidly developing export-oriented
manufacturing sector, and from 1989 to 1997, the Indonesian economy grew by an average of over 7%.
[129][130]
Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the
1997 Asian financial crisis.
During the crisis, there were sudden and large capital outflows leading
the rupiah to go into free fall. Against the US dollar the
rupiah
dropped from about Rp 2,600 in late 1997 to a low point of around Rp
17,000 some months later and the economy shrank by a remarkable 13.7%.
These developments led to widespread economic distress across the
economy and contributed to the political crisis of 1998 which saw
Suharto resign as president.
[131] The rupiah later stabilised in the Rp. 8,000 range
[132] and economic growth returned to 4% per year by 2000.
[133]
However, the currency still fluctuates, dropping below Rp 11,000 per
dollar in September 2013. In addition, corruption has been a persistent
problem. Transparency International, for example, has since ranked
Indonesia below 100 in its
Corruption Perceptions Index.
[134][135]
Since 2007, however, with the improvement in banking sector and
domestic consumption, national economic growth has accelerated to over
6% annually
[136][137][138] and this helped the country weather the 2008–2009
Great Recession.
[139] The Indonesian economy performed strongly during the
financial crisis of 2007–08 and in 2012, its GDP grew by over 6%.
[140] The country regained its investment grade rating in late 2011 after losing it in 1997.
[141] However, as of 2014, 11% of the population lived below the poverty line and the official open unemployment rate was 5.9%.
[142]
Indonesia has a sizeable
automotive industry, which produced almost 1.3 million motor vehicles in 2014, ranking as the
15th largest producer in the world.
[143] Nowadays, Indonesian automotive companies are able to produce cars with high ratio of local content (80% - 90%).
[144]
With production peaking at 14.5 billion packs in 2011, Indonesia is the
second largest producer of instant noodle after China which produces
42.5 billion packs a year.
[145] Indofood is the largest instant noodle producer in the world.
Indomie brand by Indofood is one of the Indonesia's best known global brand.
[146]
Of the world's 500 largest companies measured by revenue in 2014, the
Fortune Global 500, two are headquartered in Indonesia i.e.
Pertamina and
Perusahaan Listrik Negara.
[147]
Transport
Pelni Shipping Routes 2006
Road transport is predominant, with a total system length of
437,759 km in 2008. Many cities and towns have some form of
transportation for hire available as well such as
taxis. There are usually also bus services of various kinds such as the
Kopaja buses and the more sophisticated
TransJakarta bus rapid transit
system in Jakarta. The TransJakarta is the largest bus rapid transit
system in the world, boasts some 194 km and carriers more than 300,000
passengers daily.
[148] In addition, BRT systems exist in
Yogyakarta,
Palembang,
Bandung,
Denpasar,
Pekanbaru,
Semarang,
Makassar, and
Padang without segregated lane. Many cities also have motorised
auto rickshaws (
bajaj) of various kinds.
Cycle rickshaws, called
becak in Indonesia, are a regular sight on city roads and provide inexpensive transportation.
The
rail transport system has four unconnected networks in
Java and
Sumatra primarily dedicated to transport bulk commodities and long-distance passenger traffic. The
inter-city rail network on Java is complemented by local
commuter rail services in the
Jakarta metropolitan area (
KA Commuter Jabodetabek),
Surabaya,
Medan, and
Bandung. In Jakarta, suburban rail services carry 550,000 passengers a day.
[149] In addition,
mass rapid transit and
light rail transit systems are under construction in Jakarta.
Sea transport is extremely important for economic integration and for
domestic and foreign trade. It is well developed, with each of the
major islands having at least one significant
port city. Because Indonesia encompasses a sprawling
archipelago,
maritime shipping provides essential links between different parts of the country. Boats in common use include large
container ships, a variety of ferries, passenger ships, sailing ships, and smaller motorised vessels. Traditional wooden vessel
pinisi still widely used as the inter-island freight service within Indonesian archipelago.
Port of Tanjung Priok is Indonesia's busiest port, and the
21st busiest port in the world in 2013, handling over 6.59 million TEUs.
[150]
To boost the port capacity, two-phase "New Tanjung Priok" extension
project is currently ongoing. When fully operational in 2023, it will
triple existing annual capacity.
Frequent ferry services cross the straits between nearby islands, especially in the chain of islands stretching from
Sumatra through
Java to the
Lesser Sunda Islands. On the busy crossings between Sumatra, Java, and
Bali, multiple car ferries run frequently twenty-four hours per day. There are also international ferry services between across the
Strait of Malacca between Sumatra and
Malaysia, and between
Singapore and nearby Indonesian islands, such as
Batam.
A network of passenger ships makes longer connections to more remote
islands, especially in the eastern part of the archipelago. The national
shipping line,
Pelni, provides passenger service to
ports
throughout the country on a two to four week schedule. These ships
generally provide the least expensive way to cover long distances
between islands. Still smaller privately run boats provide service
between islands.
As of 2014, there were 237 airports in Indonesia,
[151] including 17 international airports.
Soekarno–Hatta International Airport is the
18th busiest airport in the world, serving 12,314,667 passengers, according to Airports Council International.
[152]
Today the airport is running over capacity. After T3 Soekarno-Hatta
Airport expansion will be finished in May 2016, the total capacity of
three terminals become 43 million passengers a year. T1 and T2 also will
be revitalised, so all the three terminals finally will accommodate 67
million passengers a year.
[153] When finished, Soekarno-Hatta airport will be an
aerotropolis.
[154] Juanda Airport in Surabaya and
Ngurah Rai in Bali are the country's 2nd and 3rd busiest airport.
[155] Garuda Indonesia, flag carrier of Indonesia since 1949, was selected by
Skytrax as "The World's Best Economy Class" in 2013. In December 2014, Garuda Indonesia was awarded as a "5-Star Airline" by Skytrax
[156] as well as in June 2015, it was awarded with "The World's Best Cabin Crew".
[157]
Science and technology
Living in an agrarian and maritime culture the people in Indonesian's
archipelago have been famous in some traditional technologies,
particularly in
agriculture and
marine.
In agriculture, for instance, the people in Indonesia, and also in many
other Southeast Asian countries, are famous in paddy cultivation
technique namely terasering.
Bugis and
Makassar people in Indonesia are also well-known with their technology in making wooden sailing vessel called
pinisi boat.
[158]
In
aerospace
technology, Indonesia has a long history in developing military and
small commuter aircraft as the only country in Southeast Asia to produce
and develop its own aircraft, also producing aircraft components for
Boeing and
Airbus, with its state-owned aircraft company (founded in 1976), the
Indonesian Aerospace (
Indonesian:
PT. Dirgantara Indonesia), which, with
EADS CASA of
Spain developed the
CN-235 aircraft, which has been exported to many countries.
B. J. Habibie,
a former Indonesian president played an important role in this
achievement. While active as a professor in Germany, Habibie conducted
many research assignments, producing theories on thermodynamics,
construction, and aerodynamics, known as the Habibie Factor, Habibie
Theorem, and Habibie Method respectively.
[159] Indonesia also hopes to manufacture the
South Korean KAI KF-X fighter.
[160]
Furthermore, Indonesia has a well established railway industry, with
its state-owned train manufacturer company, the Indonesian Railway
Industry (
Indonesian:
PT. Industri Kereta Api), located in
Madiun,
East Java.
Since 1982, the company has been producing passenger train wagons,
freight wagons and other railway technologies and exported to many
countries, such as
Malaysia and
Bangladesh.
[161] In the 1980s an Indonesian engineer,
Tjokorda Raka Sukawati invented a road construction technique named
Sosrobahu
which becomes famous afterwards and widely used by many countries. The
technology has been exported to the Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand and
Singapore and in 1995, a patent was granted to Indonesia.
[162]
Demographics
According to the
2010 national census, the
population of Indonesia is 237.6 million, with high population growth at 1.9%.
[163] 58% of the population lives in
Java,
[164] the world's most populous island.
[90] In 1961, the first post-colonial census gave a total population of 97 million.
[165] The population is expected to grow to around 269 million by 2020 and 321 million by 2050.
[166] An additional 8 million
Indonesian live overseas, comprising one of the world's largest
diasporas. Most of them settled in
Malaysia,
Saudi Arabia,
United Arab Emirates,
South Korea,
Japan,
Singapore,
Netherlands,
United States, and
Australia.
[167]
Ethnicity
The map of major ethnic groups in Indonesia.
Indonesia is a very ethnically and linguistically diverse country,
with around 300 distinct native ethnic groups, and 742 different
languages and dialects.
[168][169] Most Indonesians are descended from
Austronesian-speaking peoples whose languages can be traced to Proto-Austronesian, which possibly originated in
Taiwan. Another major grouping are the
Melanesians, who inhabit eastern Indonesia.
[24][87][170] The largest ethnic group is the
Javanese, who comprise 42% of the population, and are politically and culturally dominant.
[171] The
Sundanese, ethnic
Malays, and
Madurese are the largest non-Javanese groups.
[172] A sense of Indonesian nationhood exists alongside strong regional identities.
[173] Social, religious and ethnic tensions have triggered horrendous violence.
[174][175][176] Chinese Indonesians are an influential ethnic minority comprising 3–4% of the population.
[177] Much of the country's privately owned commerce and wealth is Chinese-Indonesian-controlled.
[178][179] Chinese businesses in Indonesia are part of the larger
bamboo network, a network of
overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties.
[180] This has contributed to considerable resentment, and even anti-Chinese violence.
[181][182][183]
Religion
While religious freedom is stipulated in the Indonesian constitution,
[185] the government officially recognises only
six religions:
Islam,
Protestantism,
Roman Catholicism,
Hinduism,
Buddhism, and
Confucianism.
[7] Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim-majority country, at 87.2% in 2010, with the majority being
Sunni Muslims (99%).
[186][187][188] The
Shias and
Ahmadis respectively constitute 0.5% and 0.2% of the Muslim population.
[189]
Religious map of Indonesia
In 2010,
Christians
made up almost 10% of the population (among them 7% were Protestant,
2.9% Roman Catholic), 1.7% were Hindu, and 0.9% were Buddhist or other.
Most Indonesian
Hindus are
Balinese,
[190] and most
Buddhists in modern-day Indonesia are ethnic
Chinese.
[191] Though now minority religions, Hinduism and Buddhism remain defining influences in
Indonesian culture.
Islam was first adopted by Indonesians in northern
Sumatra in the 13th century, through the influence of traders, and became the country's
dominant religion by the 16th century.
[192] Roman Catholicism was brought to Indonesia by early Portuguese colonialists and missionaries,
[193][194] and the Protestant denominations are largely a result of Dutch
Reformed and
Lutheran missionary efforts during the country's colonial period.
[195][196][197] A large proportion of Indonesians—such as the Javanese
abangan, Balinese
Hindus, and Dayak Christians—practice a less
orthodox,
syncretic form of their religion, which draws on local customs and beliefs.
[198]
|
|
|
Rank |
Name |
Province |
Pop. |
Rank |
Name |
Province |
Pop. |
|
Jakarta
Surabaya |
1 |
Jakarta |
Jakarta |
9,588,198 |
11 |
South Tangerang |
Banten |
1,290,322 |
Bandung |
| 2 |
Surabaya |
East Java |
2,765,487 |
12 |
Bogor |
West Java |
950,334 |
| 3 |
Bandung |
West Java |
2,394,873 |
13 |
Batam |
Riau Islands |
944,285 |
| 4 |
Bekasi |
West Java |
2,334,871 |
14 |
Pekanbaru |
Riau |
897,767 |
| 5 |
Medan |
North Sumatra |
2,097,610 |
15 |
Bandar Lampung |
Lampung |
881,801 |
| 6 |
Tangerang |
Banten |
1,798,601 |
16 |
Padang |
West Sumatra |
833,562 |
| 7 |
Depok |
West Java |
1,738,570 |
17 |
Malang |
East Java |
820,243 |
| 8 |
Semarang |
Central Java |
1,555,984 |
18 |
Denpasar |
Bali |
788,589 |
| 9 |
Palembang |
South Sumatra |
1,455,284 |
19 |
Samarinda |
East Kalimantan |
727,500 |
| 10 |
Makassar |
South Sulawesi |
1,338,663 |
20 |
Tasikmalaya |
West Java |
635,464 |
Education
Education in Indonesia is compulsory for twelve years.
[200][201]
Parents can choose between state-run, non sectarian public schools
supervised by Depdiknas (Department of National Education) or private or
semi-private religious (usually Islamic) schools supervised and
financed by the Department of Religious Affairs.
[202]
The enrolment rate is 94% for primary education (2011), 75% for
secondary education, and 27% for tertiary education. The literacy rate
is 93% (2011).
[203]
By 2014, there were 118 state universities in Indonesia. Entry to
higher education depends on the nationwide entrance examination (SNMPTN
and SBMPTN). According to the 2015
Times Higher Education World University Rankings, the top university in Indonesia is
University of Indonesia (rank 310, dropped from 201 in 2009), followed by
Bandung Institute of Technology (in the 431-460 rank range) and
Gadjah Mada University (in the 551–600 rank range). Five other Indonesian universities, including
Airlangga University,
Bogor Institute of Agriculture,
Diponegoro University,
Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology and
Brawijaya University all huddled in the 701+ range.
[204] All of educational institutions located in Java.
Andalas University is pioneering the establishment of a leading university outside of Java.
[205]
Language
More than 700
regional languages are spoken in Indonesia's numerous islands.
[206] Most belong to the
Austronesian language family, with a few
Papuan languages also spoken. The official language is
Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian language), a variant of
Malay,
[207]
which was used in the archipelago. It borrows heavily from local
languages such as Javanese, Sundanese, Minangkabau, etc. Indonesian is
primarily used in commerce, administration, education and the media, but
most Indonesians
speak other languages, such as
Javanese, as their first language.
[206]
Indonesian is based on the
prestige dialect of Malay, that of the
Johor-
Riau Sultanate, which for centuries had been the
lingua franca
of the archipelago. It is the official language of Singapore, Malaysia
and Brunei. Indonesian is universally taught in schools and consequently
is spoken by nearly every Indonesian. It is the language of business,
politics, national media, education, and academia. It was promoted by
Indonesian nationalists in the 1920s, and declared the
official language under the name
Bahasa Indonesia in the proclamation of independence in 1945. Most Indonesians speak at least one of
several hundred local languages and dialects, often as their
first language. In comparison, Papua has over 270 indigenous
Papuan and
Austronesian languages,
[208] in a region of about 2.7 million people.
Javanese is the most widely spoken local language, as it is the language of the largest ethnic group.
[86]
Sports
Sports in Indonesia are generally male-oriented and spectator sports are often associated with illegal gambling.
[209] The most popular sports are badminton and
football.
Indonesian players have won the
Thomas Cup
(the world team championship of men's badminton) thirteen of the
twenty-six times that it has been held since 1949, as well as numerous
Olympic medals since the sport gained full Olympic status in 1992.
Indonesian women have won the
Uber Cup, the female equivalent of the Thomas Cup, 3 times, in
1975,
1994 and
1996.
Liga Super Indonesia is the country's premier football club league. On the international stage,
Indonesia experienced limited success despite being the first Asian team to qualify for the
FIFA World Cup in
1938 as Dutch East Indies.
[210] In 1956, the football team played in the
Olympics and played a hard-fought draw against the
Soviet Union. On the continent level, Indonesia won the bronze medal once in football in the
1958 Asian Games. Indonesia's first appearance in
Asian Cup was back in
1996. The Indonesian national team qualified for the Asian Cup in
2000,
2004 and
2007 AFC Asian Cup, however unable to move through next stage.
SEA Games 2011 opening ceremony in Palembang.
Boxing is a popular combative sport spectacle in Indonesia. Some of famous Indonesian boxers are
Ellyas Pical, three times
IBF Super flyweight champion;
Nico Thomas,
Muhammad Rachman, and
Chris John.
[211] Traditional sports include
sepak takraw, and bull racing in Madura. In areas with a history of tribal warfare, mock fighting contests are held, such as
caci in
Flores and
pasola in
Sumba.
Pencak Silat is an Indonesian martial art and in 1987, became one of the sporting events in
Southeast Asian Games,
with Indonesia appearing as one of the leading forces in this sport. In
Southeast Asia, Indonesia is one of the major sport powerhouses by
winning the Southeast Asian Games 10 times since 1977.
Tourism
Both nature and culture are major components of Indonesian tourism.
The natural heritage can boast a unique combination of a tropical
climate. These natural attractions are complemented by a rich cultural
heritage that reflects Indonesia's dynamic history and ethnic diversity,
that 719 living languages are used across the archipelago. The ancient
Prambanan and
Borobudur temples,
Toraja and Bali, with its Hindu festivities, are some of the popular destinations for cultural tourism.
Indonesia has a well-preserved natural ecosystem with rainforests
that stretch over about 57% of Indonesia's land (225 million acres),
approximately 2% of which are mangrove systems. Forests on Sumatra and
Kalimantan are examples of popular tourist destinations. Moreover,
Indonesia has one of longest coastlines in the world, measuring 54,716
kilometres (33,999 mi).
With 20% of the world's coral reefs, over 3,000 different species of
fish and 600 coral species, deep water trenches, volcanic sea mounts,
World War II wrecks, and an endless variety of macro life, scuba diving
in Indonesia is both excellent and inexpensive.
[212] Bunaken National Marine Park, at the northern tip of
Sulawesi, claims to have seven times more genera of
coral than
Hawaii,
[213] and has more than 70% of all the known fish species of the Indo-Western
Pacific Ocean.
[214] According to
Conservation International, marine surveys suggest that the marine life diversity in the
Raja Ampat Islands is the highest recorded on Earth.
[215] Moreover, there are over 3,500
species living in Indonesian waters, including
sharks,
dolphins,
manta rays,
turtles,
morays,
cuttlefish,
octopus and
scorpaenidae, compared to 1,500 on the
Great Barrier Reef.
Indonesia has
8 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, such as the
Komodo National Park,
Ujung Kulon National Park,
Lorentz National Park,
Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra, comprises three national parks on the island of Sumatra:
Gunung Leuser National Park,
Kerinci Seblat National Park and the
Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park;
[216] and 18 World Heritage Sites in tentative list, such as the historic urban centres of
Jakarta Old Town,
Sawahlunto Old Coal Mining Town,
Semarang Old Town, as well as
Muara Takus Compound Site.
The heritage tourism is focussed on specific interest on
Indonesian history,
such as colonial architectural heritage of Dutch East Indies era. The
colonial heritage tourism mostly attracted visitors from the
Netherlands
that share historical ties with Indonesia, as well as Indonesian or
foreign colonial history enthusiast. The activities among others are
visiting museums, churches, forts and historical colonial buildings, as
well as spend some nights in colonial heritage hotels. The popular
heritage tourism attractions are Jakarta Old Town and Sawahlunto Old
Coal Mining Town. The heritage tourism might also focussed on the era of
17th-to 19th-century royal Javanese courts of
Yogyakarta Sultanate,
Surakarta Sunanate and the
Mangkunegaran Palace.
Urban tourism activities includes
shopping, sightseeing in big cities, or enjoying modern
amusement parks, resorts, spas, nightlife and entertainment.
Beautiful Indonesia Miniature Park as well as
Ancol Dreamland
with Dunia Fantasi (Fantasy World) theme park and Atlantis Water
Adventure are Jakarta's answer to Disneyland-style amusement park and
water park. Several similar theme parks also developed in other cities,
such as
Trans Studio Makassar and Trans Studio Bandung. The capital city,
Jakarta, is a shopping hub in the country and also one of the best places to shop in
Southeast Asia. The city has numerous
shopping malls
and traditional markets. With a total of 550 hectares, Jakarta has the
world's largest shopping mall floor area within a single city.
[217]
The annual "Jakarta Great Sale" is held every year in June and July to
celebrate Jakarta's anniversary, with about 73 participating shopping
centres in 2012.
[218] Bandung is a popular shopping destination for fashion products among Malaysians and Singaporeans.
[219]
Since January 2011,
Wonderful Indonesia has been the
slogan of an international marketing campaign directed by the
Indonesian Ministry of Culture and Tourism to promote tourism.
[220] In year 2014, 9.4 million international visitors entered Indonesia,
[221]
staying in hotels for an average of 7.5 nights and spending an average
of US$1,142 per person during their visit, or US$152.22 per person per
day.
[222]
Culture
Indonesia has about 300 ethnic groups, each with cultural identities
developed over centuries, and influenced by Indian, Arabic, Chinese, and
European sources. Traditional Javanese and Balinese dances, for
example, contain aspects of Hindu culture and mythology, as do
wayang kulit (shadow puppet) performances. Textiles such as
batik,
ikat,
ulos and
songket are created across Indonesia in styles that vary by region. The
Indonesian film industry's popularity peaked in the 1980s and dominated cinemas in Indonesia,
[223] although it declined significantly in the early 1990s.
[224] Between 2000 and 2005, the number of Indonesian films released each year has steadily increased.
[223] Indonesia holds
6 items UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage.
Architecture
Architecture reflects the diversity of cultural that have shaped
Indonesia as a whole. Invaders, colonisers, missionaries, merchants and
traders brought cultural changes that had a profound effect on building
styles and techniques. The most dominant influences on
Indonesian architecture have traditionally been
Indian;
however, Chinese, Arab, and European architectural influences have been
significant. The Indonesia traditional houses are at the centre of a
web of customs, social relations, traditional laws, taboos, myths and
religions that bind the villagers together. The house provides the main
focus for the family and its community, and is the point of departure
for many activities of its residents.
Example of Indonesian vernacular architecture including
Toraja's
Tongkonan,
Minangkabau's
Rumah Gadang and
Rangkiang, Javanese style
Pendopo pavilion with
Joglo style roof,
Dayak's
longhouses, various
Malay houses,
Balinese houses and
temples, and also various styles of
lumbung (rice barns).
Music
The music in Indonesia predates historical records, various native
Indonesian tribes often incorporate chants and songs accompanied with
musics instruments in their rituals. The Indonesian traditional
instruments includes
angklung,
kacapi suling,
siteran,
gong,
gamelan,
degung,
gong kebyar,
bumbung,
talempong,
kulintang and
sasando.
The diverse world of Indonesian music genres was the result of the
musical creativity of its people, and also the subsequent cultural
encounters with foreign musical influences into the archipelago. Next to
distinctive native form of musics, several genres can traces its origin
to foreign influences; such as gambus and qasidah from Middle Eastern
Islamic music,
[225] keroncong from Portuguese influences,
[226] and dangdut—one of the most popular music genres in Indonesia—with notable Hindi music influence as well as Malay orchestras.
[227]
Today, Indonesian music industry enjoys nationwide popularity. Thanks to common culture and intelligible languages between
Indonesian and
Malay,
Indonesian music enjoyed regional popularity in neighbouring countries
such as Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei. However, the overwhelming
popularity of Indonesian music in Malaysia had alarmed the Malaysian
music industry. In 2008, Malaysian music industry demanded the
restriction of Indonesian songs on Malaysian radio broadcasts.
[228]
Dance
Traditional dance of Indonesia reflect the rich diversity of
Indonesian people. The dance traditions in Indonesia; such as Javanese,
Sundanese, Minangkabau, Balinese, Malays, Acehnese and many other dances
traditions are age old traditions, yet also a living and dynamic
traditions. Several royal houses; the
istanas and
keratons
still survived in some parts of Indonesia and become the haven of
cultural conservation. The obvious difference between courtly dance and
common folk dance traditions is the most evident in
Javanese dance.
The palace court traditions also evident in Balinese and Malay court
which usually imposed refinement and prestige. Sumatran courtly culture
such as the remnant of Aceh Sultanate and Palembang Sultanate, are more
influenced by Islamic culture, while Java and Bali are more deeply
rooted in their Hindu-Buddhist heritage.
Dances in Indonesia are believed by many scholars to have had their beginning in rituals and religious worship.
[229] Such dances are usually based on rituals, like the war dances, the dance of
witch doctors, and dance to call for rain or any agricultural related rituals such as
Hudoq dance ritual of
Dayak people. In Bali, dances has become the integral part of Hindu Balinese rituals. Sacred ritual dances performed only in
Balinese temples such as sacred
Sanghyang dedari and
Barong dance.
The commoners folk dance is more concerned with social function and entertainment value than rituals. The Javanese
Ronggeng and
Sundanese Jaipongan
is the fine example of this common folk dance traditions. Both are
social dances that are more for entertainment purpose than rituals.
Randai is a folk theatre tradition of the
Minangkabau people which incorporates dance, music, singing, drama and the martial art of
silat.
[230] Certain traditional folk dances has been developed into mass dance with simple but structurised steps and movements, such as
Poco-poco dance from
Minahasa and Sajojo dance from
Papua.
Cinema
The first domestically produced film in the Indies was in 1926:
Loetoeng Kasaroeng, a silent film by
Dutch director L. Heuveldorp. This adaptation of the
Sundanese legend was made with local actors by the NV Java Film Company in
Bandung.
After independence, the film industry expanded rapidly, with six films made in 1949 rising to 58 in 1955.
Djamaluddin Malik's Persari often emulating
American genre films and the working practices of the Hollywood studio system, as well as remaking popular
Indian films.
[231] The
Sukarno government used cinema for
nationalistic, anti-
Western purposes. Foreign film imports were banned. After the overthrow of Sukarno by
Suharto's
New Order regime, films were regulated through a
censorship code that aimed to maintain the social order.
[232] Usmar Ismail, a director from West Sumatra made a major imprint in Indonesian film in the 1950s and 1960s.
[233]
The industry reached its peak in the 1980s, with such successful films as
Nagabonar (1987) and
Catatan Si Boy (1989).
Warkop's comedy films, directed by
Arizal also proved to be successful. The industry has also found appeal among teens with such fare as
Pintar-pintar Bodoh (1982), and
Maju Kena Mundur Kena (1984). Actors during this era included
Deddy Mizwar,
Eva Arnaz,
Meriam Bellina, and
Rano Karno.
[234]
Under the
Reformasi movement,
independent filmmaking
was a rebirth of the filming industry in Indonesia, where film's
started addressing topics which were previously banned such as;
religion, race, love and other topics.
[232] Riri Riza and
Mira Lesmana were the new generation of Indonesian film figures who co-directed of
Kuldesak (1999),
Petualangan Sherina (2000),
Ada Apa dengan Cinta? (2002),
Gie (2005), and
Laskar Pelangi (2008).
[235] Locally made film quality has gone up in 2012, this is attested by the international release of films such as
The Raid: Redemption,
Modus Anomali,
Dilema,
Lovely Man, and
Java Heat.
Literature
Chairil Anwar, one of the greatest literary figures of Indonesia.
The oldest evidence of writing in Indonesia is a series of
Sanskrit inscriptions dated to the 5th century. Many of Indonesia's peoples have strongly rooted
oral traditions, which help to define and preserve their cultural identities.
[236] In written poetry and prose, a number of traditional forms dominate, mainly
syair,
pantun,
gurindam,
hikayat and
babad. Some of these works are
Syair Raja Siak,
Syair Abdul Muluk,
Hikayat Abdullah,
Hikayat Bayan Budiman,
Hikayat Hang Tuah,
Sulalatus Salatin, and
Babad Tanah Jawi.
[237]
Early modern Indonesian literature originates in Sumatran tradition.
[238] Balai Pustaka,
the government bureau for popular literature, was instituted around
1920 to promote the development of indigenous literature, it adopted
Malay as the preferred common medium for Indonesia. Important figures in
modern Indonesian literature include: Dutch author
Multatuli, who criticised treatment of the Indonesians under Dutch colonial rule; Sumatrans
Mohammad Yamin and
Hamka, who were influential pre-independence nationalist writers and politicians;
[239] and proletarian writer
Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Indonesia's most famous novelist.
[240][241] Pramoedya earned several accolades, and was frequently discussed as Indonesia's and Southeast Asia's best candidate for a
Nobel Prize in Literature.
[242]
Indonesian literature and poetry flourished even more in the first half of the 20th century.
Chairil Anwar was considered as the greatest literary figure of Indonesia by American poet and translator,
Burton Raffel.
[243]
He was among those youngsters who pioneered in changing the traditional
Indonesian literature and modifying it on the lines of the newly
independent country. Some of his popular poems include
Krawang-Bekasi, Diponegoro and
Aku. Other major authors include
Marah Roesli (
Sitti Nurbaya),
Merari Siregar (
Azab dan Sengsara),
Abdul Muis (
Salah Asuhan),
Djamaluddin Adinegoro (
Darah Muda),
Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana (
Layar Terkembang), and
Amir Hamzah (
Nyanyi Sunyi) whose works are among the most well known in
Maritime Southeast Asia.
[244]
Cuisine
Rendang served with steamed rice, cassava leaf, egg and
gulai sauce, as well as Indonesian dishes, including
ikan bakar,
ayam goreng,
nasi timbel,
sambal,
tempeh goreng,
tahu, and
sayur asem.
Indonesian cuisine varies by region and is based on Chinese, European, Middle Eastern, and Indian precedents.
[245] Rice is the main
staple food and is served with
side dishes of meat and vegetables. Spices (notably chili),
coconut milk, fish and chicken are fundamental ingredients.
[246]
Media
Media
freedom in Indonesia increased considerably after the end of President
Suharto's rule, during which the now-defunct Ministry of Information
monitored and controlled domestic media, and restricted foreign media.
[247] The
TV market includes ten national commercial networks, and provincial networks that compete with public
TVRI.
Private radio stations carry their own news bulletins and foreign
broadcasters supply programs. At a reported 25 million users in 2008,
[248] Internet usage was estimated at 12.5% in September 2009.
[249] More than 30 million cell phones are sold in Indonesia each year, and 27% of them are local brands.
[250]
See also
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a serious underestimate: they believe that somewhere between six
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"Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut" [Population by Region and Religion]. Sensus Penduduk 2010. Jakarta, Indonesia: Badan Pusat Statistik. 15 May 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2011. Religion
is belief in Almighty God that must be possessed by every human being.
Religion can be divided into Muslim, Christian, Catholic, Hindu,
Buddhist, Hu Khong Chu, and Other Religion.
Muslim 207176162 (87.18%), Christian 16528513 (6.96), Catholic 6907873
(2.91), Hindu 4012116 (1.69), Buddhist 1703254 (0.72), Confucianism
117091 (0.05), Other 299617 (0.13), Not Stated 139582 (0.06), Not Asked
757118 (0.32), Total 237641326
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is belief in Almighty God that must be possessed by every human being.
Religion can be divided into Muslim, Protestant, Catholic, Hindu,
Buddhist, Hu Khong Chu, and Other Religion.
Muslim 207176162 (87.18%), Christian 16528513 (6.96), Catholic 6907873
(2.91), Hindu 4012116 (1.69), Buddhist 1703254 (0.72), Khong Hu Chu
117091 (0.05), Other 299617 (0.13), Not Stated 139582 (0.06), Not Asked
757118 (0.32), Total 237641326
There
are approximately 1 million Shia Muslims and 400,000 Ahmadi Muslims in
the country which approximates to 0.5% and 0.2% of the total Muslim
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Further reading
- Friend, T. (2003). Indonesian Destinies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01137-6.
- Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300, Second Edition. MacMillan. ISBN 0-333-57689-6.
- Schwarz, A. (1994). A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. Westview Press. ISBN 1-86373-635-2.
- Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10518-5.
- Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54262-6.
External links
- Government
- General information
Indonesia – Wikipedia book
Wikimedia Atlas of Indonesia
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